CBSE Sample Paper - 05
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – I
Class – IX Social Science
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 90
General Instructions:
a) The question paper has 30 questions. All Questions are compulsory.
b) Question numbers 1-8 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries one each.
c) Question numbers 9-20 are three marks questions. Answers of these questions should not
exceed 80 words.
d) Question numbers 21-28 are five marks questions. Answers of these questions should not
exceed 100 words.
e) Question number 27 and 28 are based on map questions of three marks each.
f) Question numbers 29 and 30 are Map Based Questions carrying three marks each.
1. Who wrote the book “The Spirit of Laws”?
2. What is infant mortality rate?
3. Why educated parents invest heavily on the education of their children?
4. What was the result of collision of the Indo-Australian plate with Eurasian plate?
5. Whose government was a democratic one? Allende's or Pinochet's and why?
6. What do you mean by political equality?
7. Why is India considered as a sovereign country?
8. Name the country where women are not allowed to take part in the election.
9. State the features of the Sparta cist League.
Or
What was the socialist system?
10. State the reasons responsible for USA to join the Second World War.
Or
Highlight the Autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II.
11. The Sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west but
the watches show the same time. How does this happen?
12. In India, the Northern mountains are the major sources of water and forest wealth. What
negative effects can result from uncontrolled exploitation of water and forest resources of
the mountains?
13. Explain the major reasons for the reduction in volume of water in most of the rivers.
14. Modern farming methods require the farmers to start with more cash than before. Why?
15. Which three rights should every citizen of a democratic country get?
16. What are the values that inspire us for democratic governance? Describe any three values.
17. Give arguments in favour of democracy.
18. Explain the method by which intensive use of the same piece of the land is possible?
19. Which values are embedded in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?
20. What do you understand by the term “Reign of Terror’?
21. What type of an economy existed in Russia before the revolution?
Or
Describe the impact of the Economic Depression on Germany.
22. Throw more light on India occupying an important and strategic position in South Asia.
23. Describe the various drainage patterns of rivers, giving some examples of Indian rivers.
24. Explain any five contributions of UN as a World Government.
25. Evaluate how the white minority and the black majority agreed to draw up a common
constitution for South Africa.
26. What are the different ways of increasing production? Give examples.
27. What are the objectives of India's National Policy on Health? Suggest two ways in which the
policy objectives can be met.
28. List any five reasons that led to subsistence crisis in France during the Old Regime.
29. Locate the following place related to French revolution on the outline map of France:
A. The country situated on the Eastern side of France
B. Normandy region
C. Toulouse
30. Two features are shown on the political outline map of India. Identify these features and
write their names on the lines marked on the map.
(i) A state with a large tribal population
(ii) This state became part of India in 1961.
(b) On the map, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) A state in the Eastern region of India bordering three countries, but not bordering
China.
(ii) The strait separating India from Sri Lanka.
Solution for the Sample paper
1. Montesquieu.
2. Infant Mortality rate indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a
proportion of thousand live children born in a particular year.
3. This is so because they have realised the importance of education themselves. They are also
conscious of proper nutrition and good hygiene.
4. Due to this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geo syncline
known as the Tethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya.
5. Salvador Allende was the founder leader of Socialist Party of Chile and he established a
democratic government in Chile, but Augusto Pinochet was an autocratic ruler.
6. Political equality means that each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have
one value.
7. India is considered as a sovereign country because the guiding value called ‘Sovereign’ means
that people have the supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters.
8. Saudi Arabia.
9. The birth of Weimer Republic coincided with the revolutionary uprising of the Sparta cist
League on the pattern of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia.
Soviets of workers and sailors were established in many cities. The political atmosphere in
Berlin was charged with demands of Soviet style of governance.
The anguished Sparta cists later founded the Communist Party of Germany.
Or
Socialists were against private property and felt it to be the root cause of all social ills.
They felt that though property provided employment, it gave personal gains to property
owners, not to the one who contributed to make the property productive. Socialists wanted
that landowners should pay attention to collective interest, rather than their own personal
interest.
10. Japan was expanding its power in the east.
It had occupied French Indo-China was planning attacks on US naval bases in the Pacific.
When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base ar Pearl harbour, the US
entered the Second World War,
Or
Russia was an autocratic. Unlike other European rulers, even at the beginning of the twentieth
century.
Tsar was not subject to parliament. Tsar dismissed the Duma within 75 days and reelected
second Duma within three months.
He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power. He changed the
voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians.
Liberals and revolutionaries were kept away.
11. From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh there is a time lag of two hours. Hence, time along the
Standard Meridian of India (82°30'E) passing through Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) is taken as the
standard time for the whole country. So to have uniform time in the country, a Standard
Meridian is taken and thus, the timings in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat are the same.
12. Biodiversity will be affected on a large-scale if there is uncontrolled exploitation of water and
forest resources. Animals will lose their natural habitat and climatic changes will occur after a
few years.
So use of natural resources of the mountains should be done with care, so that the ecology is
not seriously disturbed. Only a very limited amount of water and forest reserves should be
used. Trees can be freshly planted to replace the forests being exploited.
13. The major reasons for the reduction in volume of water in most of the rivers are as follow:
(i) Increase in demand of river water for domestic needs due to increase in population.
(ii) Decline in rainfall which feeds the rivers due to climate change.
(iii) The growing demand of industry and agriculture for water is taken from the river, thus
reducing the volume of water in rivers.
14.Modern farming methods include machinery, HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and
pesticides to increase the production.
All these inputs are manufactured in industries. These are to be hired and purchased from the
market.
For purchasing these inputs from the market farmers need more cash than before.
15. In a democracy, citizens get these basic rights:
(i) Citizens should be free to express their opinion in public, to form associations, to protest
and take other political actions.
(ii) They should be equal in the eyes of the law.
(iii) These rights must be protected by an independent judiciary whose orders are obeyed by
everyone.
16. The values that inspire us for democratic governance are:
(i) Sovereign: The people’s right to decision-making both internally and externally.
(ii) Secularism: Freedom of religion to people and that there is no official religion.
(iii) Socialist: To ensure economic equality by the government after it controls the economy.
(iv) Democratic: Government based on the will of the people.
(v) Republic: The Head of State will be an elected person.
The values of liberty, equality, fraternity and justice have been reflected in the Indian
Constitution.
17. The arguments in favour of democracy are:
(i) A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of
government.
(ii) Democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
(iii) Democracy provides methods to deal with differences and conflicts.
(iv) Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
(v) Democracy is better than other forms of government as it allows rulers to correct its own
mistake.
18.Multiple cropping is the method by which intensive use of the same piece of the land is
possible.
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping.
It is most common way of increasing production a given piece of land.
By doing multiple cropping the yield per hectare increases and the farmers earn huge profit.
19. Preamble means an introductory statement in a constitution which states the reasons and
guiding values of the constitution. The values that inspired our freedom struggle are included
in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution. These include:
(i) India is sovereign country, i.e. no external power can dictate to the government of India.
People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters.
(ii) India is a socialist country where wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally
by society.
(iii) India is a socialist country, i.e. there is no official religion. Citizens have complete freedom
to follow any religion.
20. The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as reign of terror.
Robespierre followed the policy of severe control and punishment.
All those who were regarded as the enemy of the republic were arrested and tried by tribunal.
If found guilty they were guillotined.
21. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II.
The socio-economic conditions of Russia at that time can be explained in the following ways
(i) 85 per cent of the Russian people were agriculturists. Cultivators produced for the market
and for their own needs. Russia was a major exporter of grain.
(ii) Industry was found in some specific areas. St Petersburg and Moscow were famous for
industry. Large factories existed alongside craft workshops. In some areas, factory workers
and craftmen were almost equal in number.
(iii) Workers were a divided social group. Some had strong links with the villages, while others
had settled in cities permanently.
(iv) Despite divisions, workers did unite to strike work when they disagreed with the
employers.
(v) Peasants had no respect towards nobility. They pooled their land together periodically and
their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families.
Or
The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis caused by the Great Economic
Depression (1929-1932) in the USA. German investments and industrial recovery was largely
dependent on loans from the USA.
When the US stock market crashed in 1929, the USA withdrew financial support from
Germany.
(i) By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 per cent of the 1929 level.
(ii) The number of unemployed was 6 million. People with ‘willing to do any work’ placards
could be seen on the streets. Unemployment reached nearly 30 per cent in 1932.
Unemployed youth were sometimes involved in criminal activities.
(iii) The economic crisis created deep anxieties and fear in people. As businesses got ruined,
small businessmen, self-employed and retailers were filled with the fear of being reduced
to the ranks of workers or unemployed. Big businessmen were also in crisis.
(iv) The middle classes like salaried employees and pensioners found their savings wiped out
due to the currency losing its value.
(v) The large mass of peasantry was affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices.
(vi) Women, unable to feed their children properly, were filled with a sense of despair.
22. (i) India has 28 States and 7 Union Territories.
(ii) India shares its land boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan in the north-west, China
(Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.
(iii) Our southern neighbours across the sea consist of the two island countries, namely Sri
Lanka and Maldives.
(iv) Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and
the Gulf of Mannar while Maldives Islands are situated to the South of the Lakshadweep
Islands.
India has had strong geographical and historical links with her neighbours.
23. There are basically four drainage patterns of rivers:
(i) Dendritic pattern: This is the most common pattern followed by rivers like the Ganga. This
develops where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain.
The stream with its tributaries resembles the branches of a tree.
(ii) Trellis pattern Short tributaries meet long trunk streams at near right angles. They are
formed on sedimentary rocks of different resistance to erosion. An example is the Narmada
river.
(iii) Rectangular pattern Straight tributaries meet straight trunk streams with bends at
almost right angles. These are formed on faulted or fractured bedrock.
(iv) Radial pattern The streams flow outward from awell defined central point like a volcano
or other round uplift of land.
Note: No Indian river can be given as examples of rectangular and radial drainage patterns.
24. The UN is not a parliament or government of the world. It cannot pass any law that will apply
to all the people of the world. Even then, it makes law and rules that put some restrictions on
what governments can do.
The UN has evolved many conventions, for examples, governing the seas or controlling
environmental degradation.
As a global association, it provides help and cooperation in international law, security,
economic development and social equality.
The Un Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security among countries.
The IMF and the World Bank are the agencies of the UN. They provide loans to the
governments in times of need.
25. After the emergence of the new democratic South Africa, black leaders said, “Letus build a new
South Africa based on equality of all races and men and women, democratic values, social
justice and human rights.”
The party that ruled through oppression and brutal killings and the party that led the freedom
struggle sat together to draw up a common Constitution.
After two years of debate and discussion, they came out with a constitution which gave its
citizens the most extensive rights available in any country.
The Constitution makers decided that everybody should become a part of the new South
Africa, despite whatever they had done in the past.
26. The different ways of increasing production are:
(i) Multiple cropping: Under this method, more than one crop is raised on the same piece of
land during a year. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of
land. It is possible if a well- developed system of irrigation exists. Generally, a crop like
potato is cultivated between two seasonal crops like rice and wheat.
(ii) Modern farming methods: Under modern farming methods, high yielding variety of seeds
and chemicals are used.
(a) High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds are used in place of the traditional seeds to increase
the production.
(b) Chemical fertilisers are used instead of cow-dung and natural manure.
(c) Insecticides, pesticides, herbicides and irrigation through tubewells is used in modern
farming methods.
(d) Machines like tractors, harvesters and threshers are used to make the farmer’s job
easier and faster.
27. The objectives of the National Health Policy (2002) are as follow:
(i) Enhancing the contribution of the private sector inproviding health services for people who
can afford to pay.
(ii) Giving primacy for prevention and first line curative initiative.
(iii) Emphasising rational use of drugs.
(iv) Increasing access to tried systems of traditional medicine.
Some of the policy objectives can be met through the following methods
(i) Increasing the number of trained nurses or midwives to one per village.
(ii) Making available generic medicines (instead of branded medicines) at all government
dispensaries.
28. Subsistence crisis means an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are
endangered.
During the Old Regime, subsistence crisis frequently occurred in France because:
(i) the population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789, which
led to a rapid increase in the demand for food grains.
(ii) production of grains could not keep pace with the increasing demand. So, the price of the
foodstuffs which were made from grains, like bread, rose rapidly.
(iii) most workers were employed as labourers on fixed
pace with the rise in prices.
(iv) the gap between the poor and the rich widened. The poor remained poor, but the rich
became richer.
(v) the crisis of food grains became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
30. (a) (i) Nagaland
(ii) Goa
(b) (i) West Bengal
(ii) Palk Strait
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – I
Class – IX Social Science
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 90
General Instructions:
a) The question paper has 30 questions. All Questions are compulsory.
b) Question numbers 1-8 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries one each.
c) Question numbers 9-20 are three marks questions. Answers of these questions should not
exceed 80 words.
d) Question numbers 21-28 are five marks questions. Answers of these questions should not
exceed 100 words.
e) Question number 27 and 28 are based on map questions of three marks each.
f) Question numbers 29 and 30 are Map Based Questions carrying three marks each.
1. Who wrote the book “The Spirit of Laws”?
2. What is infant mortality rate?
3. Why educated parents invest heavily on the education of their children?
4. What was the result of collision of the Indo-Australian plate with Eurasian plate?
5. Whose government was a democratic one? Allende's or Pinochet's and why?
6. What do you mean by political equality?
7. Why is India considered as a sovereign country?
8. Name the country where women are not allowed to take part in the election.
9. State the features of the Sparta cist League.
Or
What was the socialist system?
10. State the reasons responsible for USA to join the Second World War.
Or
Highlight the Autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II.
11. The Sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west but
the watches show the same time. How does this happen?
12. In India, the Northern mountains are the major sources of water and forest wealth. What
negative effects can result from uncontrolled exploitation of water and forest resources of
the mountains?
13. Explain the major reasons for the reduction in volume of water in most of the rivers.
14. Modern farming methods require the farmers to start with more cash than before. Why?
15. Which three rights should every citizen of a democratic country get?
16. What are the values that inspire us for democratic governance? Describe any three values.
17. Give arguments in favour of democracy.
18. Explain the method by which intensive use of the same piece of the land is possible?
19. Which values are embedded in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?
20. What do you understand by the term “Reign of Terror’?
21. What type of an economy existed in Russia before the revolution?
Or
Describe the impact of the Economic Depression on Germany.
22. Throw more light on India occupying an important and strategic position in South Asia.
23. Describe the various drainage patterns of rivers, giving some examples of Indian rivers.
24. Explain any five contributions of UN as a World Government.
25. Evaluate how the white minority and the black majority agreed to draw up a common
constitution for South Africa.
26. What are the different ways of increasing production? Give examples.
27. What are the objectives of India's National Policy on Health? Suggest two ways in which the
policy objectives can be met.
28. List any five reasons that led to subsistence crisis in France during the Old Regime.
29. Locate the following place related to French revolution on the outline map of France:
A. The country situated on the Eastern side of France
B. Normandy region
C. Toulouse
30. Two features are shown on the political outline map of India. Identify these features and
write their names on the lines marked on the map.
(i) A state with a large tribal population
(ii) This state became part of India in 1961.
(b) On the map, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) A state in the Eastern region of India bordering three countries, but not bordering
China.
(ii) The strait separating India from Sri Lanka.
Solution for the Sample paper
1. Montesquieu.
2. Infant Mortality rate indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a
proportion of thousand live children born in a particular year.
3. This is so because they have realised the importance of education themselves. They are also
conscious of proper nutrition and good hygiene.
4. Due to this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geo syncline
known as the Tethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya.
5. Salvador Allende was the founder leader of Socialist Party of Chile and he established a
democratic government in Chile, but Augusto Pinochet was an autocratic ruler.
6. Political equality means that each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have
one value.
7. India is considered as a sovereign country because the guiding value called ‘Sovereign’ means
that people have the supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters.
8. Saudi Arabia.
9. The birth of Weimer Republic coincided with the revolutionary uprising of the Sparta cist
League on the pattern of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia.
Soviets of workers and sailors were established in many cities. The political atmosphere in
Berlin was charged with demands of Soviet style of governance.
The anguished Sparta cists later founded the Communist Party of Germany.
Or
Socialists were against private property and felt it to be the root cause of all social ills.
They felt that though property provided employment, it gave personal gains to property
owners, not to the one who contributed to make the property productive. Socialists wanted
that landowners should pay attention to collective interest, rather than their own personal
interest.
10. Japan was expanding its power in the east.
It had occupied French Indo-China was planning attacks on US naval bases in the Pacific.
When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base ar Pearl harbour, the US
entered the Second World War,
Or
Russia was an autocratic. Unlike other European rulers, even at the beginning of the twentieth
century.
Tsar was not subject to parliament. Tsar dismissed the Duma within 75 days and reelected
second Duma within three months.
He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power. He changed the
voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians.
Liberals and revolutionaries were kept away.
11. From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh there is a time lag of two hours. Hence, time along the
Standard Meridian of India (82°30'E) passing through Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) is taken as the
standard time for the whole country. So to have uniform time in the country, a Standard
Meridian is taken and thus, the timings in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat are the same.
12. Biodiversity will be affected on a large-scale if there is uncontrolled exploitation of water and
forest resources. Animals will lose their natural habitat and climatic changes will occur after a
few years.
So use of natural resources of the mountains should be done with care, so that the ecology is
not seriously disturbed. Only a very limited amount of water and forest reserves should be
used. Trees can be freshly planted to replace the forests being exploited.
13. The major reasons for the reduction in volume of water in most of the rivers are as follow:
(i) Increase in demand of river water for domestic needs due to increase in population.
(ii) Decline in rainfall which feeds the rivers due to climate change.
(iii) The growing demand of industry and agriculture for water is taken from the river, thus
reducing the volume of water in rivers.
14.Modern farming methods include machinery, HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and
pesticides to increase the production.
All these inputs are manufactured in industries. These are to be hired and purchased from the
market.
For purchasing these inputs from the market farmers need more cash than before.
15. In a democracy, citizens get these basic rights:
(i) Citizens should be free to express their opinion in public, to form associations, to protest
and take other political actions.
(ii) They should be equal in the eyes of the law.
(iii) These rights must be protected by an independent judiciary whose orders are obeyed by
everyone.
16. The values that inspire us for democratic governance are:
(i) Sovereign: The people’s right to decision-making both internally and externally.
(ii) Secularism: Freedom of religion to people and that there is no official religion.
(iii) Socialist: To ensure economic equality by the government after it controls the economy.
(iv) Democratic: Government based on the will of the people.
(v) Republic: The Head of State will be an elected person.
The values of liberty, equality, fraternity and justice have been reflected in the Indian
Constitution.
17. The arguments in favour of democracy are:
(i) A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of
government.
(ii) Democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
(iii) Democracy provides methods to deal with differences and conflicts.
(iv) Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
(v) Democracy is better than other forms of government as it allows rulers to correct its own
mistake.
18.Multiple cropping is the method by which intensive use of the same piece of the land is
possible.
To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping.
It is most common way of increasing production a given piece of land.
By doing multiple cropping the yield per hectare increases and the farmers earn huge profit.
19. Preamble means an introductory statement in a constitution which states the reasons and
guiding values of the constitution. The values that inspired our freedom struggle are included
in the Preamble to the Indian Constitution. These include:
(i) India is sovereign country, i.e. no external power can dictate to the government of India.
People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters.
(ii) India is a socialist country where wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally
by society.
(iii) India is a socialist country, i.e. there is no official religion. Citizens have complete freedom
to follow any religion.
20. The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as reign of terror.
Robespierre followed the policy of severe control and punishment.
All those who were regarded as the enemy of the republic were arrested and tried by tribunal.
If found guilty they were guillotined.
21. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II.
The socio-economic conditions of Russia at that time can be explained in the following ways
(i) 85 per cent of the Russian people were agriculturists. Cultivators produced for the market
and for their own needs. Russia was a major exporter of grain.
(ii) Industry was found in some specific areas. St Petersburg and Moscow were famous for
industry. Large factories existed alongside craft workshops. In some areas, factory workers
and craftmen were almost equal in number.
(iii) Workers were a divided social group. Some had strong links with the villages, while others
had settled in cities permanently.
(iv) Despite divisions, workers did unite to strike work when they disagreed with the
employers.
(v) Peasants had no respect towards nobility. They pooled their land together periodically and
their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families.
Or
The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis caused by the Great Economic
Depression (1929-1932) in the USA. German investments and industrial recovery was largely
dependent on loans from the USA.
When the US stock market crashed in 1929, the USA withdrew financial support from
Germany.
(i) By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 per cent of the 1929 level.
(ii) The number of unemployed was 6 million. People with ‘willing to do any work’ placards
could be seen on the streets. Unemployment reached nearly 30 per cent in 1932.
Unemployed youth were sometimes involved in criminal activities.
(iii) The economic crisis created deep anxieties and fear in people. As businesses got ruined,
small businessmen, self-employed and retailers were filled with the fear of being reduced
to the ranks of workers or unemployed. Big businessmen were also in crisis.
(iv) The middle classes like salaried employees and pensioners found their savings wiped out
due to the currency losing its value.
(v) The large mass of peasantry was affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices.
(vi) Women, unable to feed their children properly, were filled with a sense of despair.
22. (i) India has 28 States and 7 Union Territories.
(ii) India shares its land boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan in the north-west, China
(Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east.
(iii) Our southern neighbours across the sea consist of the two island countries, namely Sri
Lanka and Maldives.
(iv) Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and
the Gulf of Mannar while Maldives Islands are situated to the South of the Lakshadweep
Islands.
India has had strong geographical and historical links with her neighbours.
23. There are basically four drainage patterns of rivers:
(i) Dendritic pattern: This is the most common pattern followed by rivers like the Ganga. This
develops where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain.
The stream with its tributaries resembles the branches of a tree.
(ii) Trellis pattern Short tributaries meet long trunk streams at near right angles. They are
formed on sedimentary rocks of different resistance to erosion. An example is the Narmada
river.
(iii) Rectangular pattern Straight tributaries meet straight trunk streams with bends at
almost right angles. These are formed on faulted or fractured bedrock.
(iv) Radial pattern The streams flow outward from awell defined central point like a volcano
or other round uplift of land.
Note: No Indian river can be given as examples of rectangular and radial drainage patterns.
24. The UN is not a parliament or government of the world. It cannot pass any law that will apply
to all the people of the world. Even then, it makes law and rules that put some restrictions on
what governments can do.
The UN has evolved many conventions, for examples, governing the seas or controlling
environmental degradation.
As a global association, it provides help and cooperation in international law, security,
economic development and social equality.
The Un Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security among countries.
The IMF and the World Bank are the agencies of the UN. They provide loans to the
governments in times of need.
25. After the emergence of the new democratic South Africa, black leaders said, “Letus build a new
South Africa based on equality of all races and men and women, democratic values, social
justice and human rights.”
The party that ruled through oppression and brutal killings and the party that led the freedom
struggle sat together to draw up a common Constitution.
After two years of debate and discussion, they came out with a constitution which gave its
citizens the most extensive rights available in any country.
The Constitution makers decided that everybody should become a part of the new South
Africa, despite whatever they had done in the past.
26. The different ways of increasing production are:
(i) Multiple cropping: Under this method, more than one crop is raised on the same piece of
land during a year. It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of
land. It is possible if a well- developed system of irrigation exists. Generally, a crop like
potato is cultivated between two seasonal crops like rice and wheat.
(ii) Modern farming methods: Under modern farming methods, high yielding variety of seeds
and chemicals are used.
(a) High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds are used in place of the traditional seeds to increase
the production.
(b) Chemical fertilisers are used instead of cow-dung and natural manure.
(c) Insecticides, pesticides, herbicides and irrigation through tubewells is used in modern
farming methods.
(d) Machines like tractors, harvesters and threshers are used to make the farmer’s job
easier and faster.
27. The objectives of the National Health Policy (2002) are as follow:
(i) Enhancing the contribution of the private sector inproviding health services for people who
can afford to pay.
(ii) Giving primacy for prevention and first line curative initiative.
(iii) Emphasising rational use of drugs.
(iv) Increasing access to tried systems of traditional medicine.
Some of the policy objectives can be met through the following methods
(i) Increasing the number of trained nurses or midwives to one per village.
(ii) Making available generic medicines (instead of branded medicines) at all government
dispensaries.
28. Subsistence crisis means an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are
endangered.
During the Old Regime, subsistence crisis frequently occurred in France because:
(i) the population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789, which
led to a rapid increase in the demand for food grains.
(ii) production of grains could not keep pace with the increasing demand. So, the price of the
foodstuffs which were made from grains, like bread, rose rapidly.
(iii) most workers were employed as labourers on fixed
pace with the rise in prices.
(iv) the gap between the poor and the rich widened. The poor remained poor, but the rich
became richer.
(v) the crisis of food grains became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
30. (a) (i) Nagaland
(ii) Goa
(b) (i) West Bengal
(ii) Palk Strait
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