CBSE Sample Paper - 01
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – I
Class – IX Social Science
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 90
General Instructions:
a) The question paper has 30 questions. All Questions are compulsory.
b) Question numbers 1-8 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries one each.
c) Question numbers 9-20 are three marks questions. Answers of these questions should not
exceed 80 words.
d) Question numbers 21-28 are five marks questions. Answers of these questions should not
exceed 100 words.
e) Question number 27 and 28 are based on map questions of three marks each.
f) Question numbers 29 and 30 are Map Based Questions carrying three marks each.
1. Name the book that has proposed a division of power within the government?
2. What is meant by human capital formation?
3. Mention two factors which decide the quality of population in a country.
4. How can you say that India is a vast country with varied landforms?
5. By which term can we explain 'a sudden overthrow of the government illegally'?
6. What does referendum means?
7. Is it true that non-democratic countries do not have a constitution?
8. What is the full form of GDP?
9. What was ‘Political Radicalism’?
Or
What was the Bolshevik Ideology?
10. State the verdict of Nuremberg Tribunal. Why did the Allies avoid harsh punishments of
Germany?
Or
Which social factors contributed to the Russian Revolution?
11. Which is most important latitude of the country? Give reason.
12. Assume that you have recently travelled in the Indian desert. Describe the desert to a person
not living in India.
13. How do the Himalayan rivers perform erosional activities and form depositional features?
14. Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Do you
agree?
15. Explain the relationship between fair and free election and democracy.
16. 'The system of apartheid followed in South Africa was unjust and racist.' Support the
statement with three points.
17. ‘Some countries are not ready to give voting rights to its citizens’. Explain.
18. Which capital can be considered as the best: land, labour, physical capital or human capital
and why?
19. What are the values that inspire us
20. What do you know about the ‘Estates General’?
21. What social changes were seen in the society after industrialization?
How did Hitler treat the Polish?
22. India has a long coastline which is
23. Give five characteristics of the Ganga
24. How was military dictatorship established in Chile in 1973?
25. "India emerged as an independent country amidst heavy
26. What is physical capital? What are its different
27. How can large population be turned into a
28. Explain the immediate causes of the outbreak of the revolt in France in 1789.
29. Name the following on the given map of
(i) The Northernmost epicentre of the main panic movement.
(ii) North-Eastern region not affected by the Great Fear.
(iii) The national anthem of France got its name
30. (a) Two features are shown on the outline map of India. Identify these features and write
their names on the lines marked on the map.
(i) A mountain range between the Narmada and Tapi rivers
(ii) The highest peak in the Cardamom hills
(b) On the map, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) A mountain range lying mostly in Rajasthan
(ii) A plateau lying mostly in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh
and http://onlineteachers.co.in
Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
for democratic governance? Describe any three values.
Or
advantageous. Explain.
Ganga-Brahmaputra delta.
turmoil. "Justify the statement.
types? Explain each type.
productive asset? Explain.
France.
from the name of this place.
Solutions to the Sample Paper
1. The Spirit of the Laws.
2. When the existing human resources are further developed by imparting education and by
giving advance health facilities, it is called human capital formation.
3. Health and literacy rate.
4. Our country has practically all major physical features of the earth i.e. mountains, plains,
deserts, plateaus and islands.
5. The term ‘coup’ means ‘a sudden overthrow of the government illegally’.
6. Referendum is the direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a
particular proposal.
7. No, it is not true. Whether democratic or not, most countries in the world need to have some
basic rules which are called the constitution.
8. The full form of GDP is Gross Domestic Product.
9. It was an uprising by the Spartacist League against the Weimar Republic. This league
demanded a Soviet-style governance based on Bolsheviks’ ideals. The Weimer Republic
crushed this uprising with the help of the war veterans organisation called the ‘Free Corps’.
Spartacists later formed the Communist Party of Germany.Communists and socialists both
wanted political radicalism against Hitler’s rule.
Or
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the party. Lenin thought that in a repressive society like the
Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined, and should control the number and quality of
its members. They wanted to transform Russian society through revolution.
10. Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death.
Many others were imprisoned for life.
The Allies were not in favour of harsh punishment to Nazis as they felt that the rise of Nazi
Germany could be party traced back to the German experience at the end of the First World
War.
Or
In Russia most industry was the private property of industrialists. Workers were exploited by
industrialists. Wages were very low and working conditions very poor. Working hours were
long. In the country side peasants cultivated most of the land.
But the nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties. In Russia
peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them.
Tsarist Russia joined on the side of the Allied Power with the aim of making some military
gain. Russian army lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were 7
million causalities by 1917. Such huge defeats were humiliating and shocking for people of
Russia.
11. The tropic of cancer is the most important latitude of the country.
It is situated at 23½ N.
The tropic of cancer divides the country into two equal parts.
It also divides the country into two climatic zones.
12. The desert in India lies to the West of the Aravali hills in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. In
India, it covers an area of more than 250000 sq km. It has an arid climate with annual rainfall
of less than 150 mm.
It is a sandy plain with very little vegetation. Barchans (crescent shaped dunes) cover larger
areas, but longitudinal dunes become more prominent near the Indo-Pakistan boundary.
13. As the Himalayan rivers are perennial and have long courses, the regular flow of water in them
performs intensive erosional activities in the upper part, which has a steep slope. They
accumulate a lot of silt and sand. When they reach the plains, the slope of the land is much less,
slowing down the river and making it deposit much of the silt it has accumulated.
Thus, they form depositional features like meanders, ox-bow lakes, riverine islands and deltas
in their lower courses.
14. Yes, we are agree, Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in
industry.
Modern farming methods include machinery, HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and
pesticides to increase the production.
All these inputs are manufactured in industries.
15. Holding elections of any kind is not sufficient for a democracy, e.g. in China, only those who are
members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it are allowed to
contest elections. But the elections must offer a real choice between political alternatives.
In democracy, people must have the choice to remove the existing rulers, if they wish so. Thus,
in a democracy those currently in power have a fair chance of losing if there is free and fair
election.
Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult
citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
16. The system of apartheid followed in South Africa was unjust and racist because:
(i) The blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if
they had a permit.
(ii) Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres,
beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, churches, etc. were all separate for the whites and
blacks.
(iii) Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.
Thus, the apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks.
17. In Saudi Arabia women do not have the right to vote.
Estonia had made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority
find it difficult to get the right to vote.
In Fiji the electoral system was is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than
that of an Indian Fijian.
18. Human capital is considered the best because it is the major asset for any economic activity’s
success. Investment in human capital will provide higher income and production because it
can coordinate all the resources together to achieve the optimum amount of production.
It includes labour for processing the inputs as well as knowledge and enterprise required to
produce the output.
19. The values that inspire us for democratic governance are
(i) Sovereign: The people’s right todecision-making both internally and externally.
(ii) Secularism: Freedom of religion to people and that there is no official religion.
(iii) Socialist: To ensure economic equality by the government after it controls the economy.
(iv) Democratic: Government based on the will of the people.
(v) Republic: The Head of State will be an elected person.
The values of liberty, equality, fraternity and justice have been reflected in the Indian
Constitution.
20. The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives.
In France of the Old Regime, the monarch did not have the power to impose taxes, rather he
had to call a meeting of the Estates General to pass the proposals for new taxes. However, it
was the monarch alone who could decide when to call a meeting of this body.
21. After the industrial revolution, many social and economic changes took place in European
society.
Industrialization brought men, women and children to factories.
Unemployment was common, particularly during the times of low demand for industrial
goods.
Workers were exploited by industrialists and their working hours were too long and wages
were very low.
Housing and sanitation were problems since towns were growing rapidly due to migration of
people or workers from rural to the urban areas.
Or
(i) Poles were forced to leave their homes and properties for ethnic Germans brought in from
occupied Europe.
(ii) Poles were then herded like cattle in other parts of Poland, called the destination for all
undesirables of the empire.
(iii) Members of Polish intelligentsia were murdered in large numbers.
(iv) Polish children who looked like Aryans were forcibly snatched from their mothers and
examined by race experts and if they passed the race tests, they were raised in German
families, and if not they were deposited in orphanages.
(v) With some of the largest ghettos and gas chambers, this part of Poland also served as the
killing fields for the Jews.
22. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed it has
provided a significant boost to India’s maritime trade. Almost 90% of India’s international
trade is done through sea.
The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close
contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western coast and with South-East Asia
and East Asia from the Eastern coast.
India’s central location at the head of the Indian Ocean and its long coastline have helped in its
interaction through sea. The sea routes passing through the Indian Ocean provide easy
connectivity to India with the West and the East. India has developed many ports on its
Western and Eastern coasts like Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam etc., which have
become major centres for international business.
23. The five characteristics of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta are:
(i) The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, also named Ganga delta, Sunderban delta or Bengal delta, is
situated in Bangladesh and the West Bengal State of India.
(ii) The total catchment area of the rivers is 1.72 million sq km.
(iii) It is the world’s largest delta, with a surface area of 1 lakh sq km.
(iv) It is among the most fertile regions in the world. With more than 130 million inhabitants,
this belongs to the most densely populated areas in the world (1300 inhabitants/sq km).
(v) Downstream of the confluence, the river is named Padma. About halfway to the ocean, the
Meghna (named the Brahmaputra in India) joins the Padma.
24. The Republic of Chile lies on the Western seaboard of South America. It was the first South
American country to elect a Marxist Government in 1970, under the leadership of Salvador
Allende.
In September 1973, there was a military coup in Chile led by General Augusto Pinochet. The
Government of USA was not satisfied with Allende’s pro-worker policies and funded the coup
against Allende. Pinochet became the President of Chile and ruled the country for the next 17
years.
From a government that was elected by the people, power shifted to the military regime. They
could do as they wished and no one had the right to question them. In this way, a military rule
was established in Chile.
25. This statement is true because:
(i) Partition of the country was a traumatic experience for the people of both India and
Pakistan. More than a million were killed in violence between communities.
(ii) The citizens of India were earlier subjects of the British, but now were free citizens, which
was a new experience for them.
(iii) The British had left it to the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with
either country or remain independent. The merger of these states with the country was a
difficult and uncertain task.
(iv) The future of the country did not look secure.
When the framers of the Constitution got down to their task, they realised how difficult and
time consuming it would be to draft a constitution determining the relationship between its
citizens as well as the relationship between the citizens and the government.
26. Physical capital is the variety of inputs required at every stage during production. These are of
two types:
(i) Fixed capital like buildings, machines, tools etc. which can be used over and over again for a
long time without getting consumed. Examples are a farmer’s plough, a machinery like a
threshing machine, a vehicle like a tractor etc.
(ii) Working capital like raw materials and cash in hand, which get consumed in one cycle of
production and require to be replenished for the next cycle. Examples are HYV seeds,
chemical fertilisers, water etc.
In addition, money is always required during production to make various payments and buy
other necessary inputs.
27. People are the greatest resource of a country. When weconsider it as a problem, it becomes a
liability and if we look at it as the solution to problems, it becomes an asset. So, when we talk
about population/people of a country as a resource, we are looking at positive and productive
aspect of a country’s population. There are many instances where countries with no natural
resource but with proper management of their human resource, have become developed and
rich countries.
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan etc are countries with limited natural resources and vast
population in comparison with their small land areas. All of them have developed by proper
investment in health, education and skill development of their people. Thus, they have
transformed their population into a productive asset for them.
They import the necessary natural resources and their population, which is skilled and
healthy, converts these raw materials into goods and commodities. Thus, a country can
transform its people into a resource by proper and effective planning and investing in
education, healthcare and training.
28. The 18th century France witnessed the emergence of new social groups, ‘the middle class’. The
third estate was represented by this class and they wanted each member in the Estates General
to have one vote. The king rejected the proposal.
Members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest and declared themselves a
National Assembly. The National Assembly became busy with drafting a new Constitution for
France.
A severe winter came and there was a bad harvest. The price of bread, which was the staple
food of common people, rose. Sometimes, bakers exploited the situation and increased the
prices.
After spending long hours in queues, crowds of angry women stormed the shops. At the same
time, king Louis XVI ordered troops to move into Paris.
On l4th July, an angry crowd destroyed the fortress prison, the Bastille. In the countryside,
peasants seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked chateaux. In this way, revolution spread all
over France.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT – I
Class – IX Social Science
Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 90
General Instructions:
a) The question paper has 30 questions. All Questions are compulsory.
b) Question numbers 1-8 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries one each.
c) Question numbers 9-20 are three marks questions. Answers of these questions should not
exceed 80 words.
d) Question numbers 21-28 are five marks questions. Answers of these questions should not
exceed 100 words.
e) Question number 27 and 28 are based on map questions of three marks each.
f) Question numbers 29 and 30 are Map Based Questions carrying three marks each.
1. Name the book that has proposed a division of power within the government?
2. What is meant by human capital formation?
3. Mention two factors which decide the quality of population in a country.
4. How can you say that India is a vast country with varied landforms?
5. By which term can we explain 'a sudden overthrow of the government illegally'?
6. What does referendum means?
7. Is it true that non-democratic countries do not have a constitution?
8. What is the full form of GDP?
9. What was ‘Political Radicalism’?
Or
What was the Bolshevik Ideology?
10. State the verdict of Nuremberg Tribunal. Why did the Allies avoid harsh punishments of
Germany?
Or
Which social factors contributed to the Russian Revolution?
11. Which is most important latitude of the country? Give reason.
12. Assume that you have recently travelled in the Indian desert. Describe the desert to a person
not living in India.
13. How do the Himalayan rivers perform erosional activities and form depositional features?
14. Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Do you
agree?
15. Explain the relationship between fair and free election and democracy.
16. 'The system of apartheid followed in South Africa was unjust and racist.' Support the
statement with three points.
17. ‘Some countries are not ready to give voting rights to its citizens’. Explain.
18. Which capital can be considered as the best: land, labour, physical capital or human capital
and why?
19. What are the values that inspire us
20. What do you know about the ‘Estates General’?
21. What social changes were seen in the society after industrialization?
How did Hitler treat the Polish?
22. India has a long coastline which is
23. Give five characteristics of the Ganga
24. How was military dictatorship established in Chile in 1973?
25. "India emerged as an independent country amidst heavy
26. What is physical capital? What are its different
27. How can large population be turned into a
28. Explain the immediate causes of the outbreak of the revolt in France in 1789.
29. Name the following on the given map of
(i) The Northernmost epicentre of the main panic movement.
(ii) North-Eastern region not affected by the Great Fear.
(iii) The national anthem of France got its name
30. (a) Two features are shown on the outline map of India. Identify these features and write
their names on the lines marked on the map.
(i) A mountain range between the Narmada and Tapi rivers
(ii) The highest peak in the Cardamom hills
(b) On the map, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
(i) A mountain range lying mostly in Rajasthan
(ii) A plateau lying mostly in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh
and http://onlineteachers.co.in
Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks
for democratic governance? Describe any three values.
Or
advantageous. Explain.
Ganga-Brahmaputra delta.
turmoil. "Justify the statement.
types? Explain each type.
productive asset? Explain.
France.
from the name of this place.
Solutions to the Sample Paper
1. The Spirit of the Laws.
2. When the existing human resources are further developed by imparting education and by
giving advance health facilities, it is called human capital formation.
3. Health and literacy rate.
4. Our country has practically all major physical features of the earth i.e. mountains, plains,
deserts, plateaus and islands.
5. The term ‘coup’ means ‘a sudden overthrow of the government illegally’.
6. Referendum is the direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a
particular proposal.
7. No, it is not true. Whether democratic or not, most countries in the world need to have some
basic rules which are called the constitution.
8. The full form of GDP is Gross Domestic Product.
9. It was an uprising by the Spartacist League against the Weimar Republic. This league
demanded a Soviet-style governance based on Bolsheviks’ ideals. The Weimer Republic
crushed this uprising with the help of the war veterans organisation called the ‘Free Corps’.
Spartacists later formed the Communist Party of Germany.Communists and socialists both
wanted political radicalism against Hitler’s rule.
Or
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the party. Lenin thought that in a repressive society like the
Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined, and should control the number and quality of
its members. They wanted to transform Russian society through revolution.
10. Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death.
Many others were imprisoned for life.
The Allies were not in favour of harsh punishment to Nazis as they felt that the rise of Nazi
Germany could be party traced back to the German experience at the end of the First World
War.
Or
In Russia most industry was the private property of industrialists. Workers were exploited by
industrialists. Wages were very low and working conditions very poor. Working hours were
long. In the country side peasants cultivated most of the land.
But the nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties. In Russia
peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them.
Tsarist Russia joined on the side of the Allied Power with the aim of making some military
gain. Russian army lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were 7
million causalities by 1917. Such huge defeats were humiliating and shocking for people of
Russia.
11. The tropic of cancer is the most important latitude of the country.
It is situated at 23½ N.
The tropic of cancer divides the country into two equal parts.
It also divides the country into two climatic zones.
12. The desert in India lies to the West of the Aravali hills in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. In
India, it covers an area of more than 250000 sq km. It has an arid climate with annual rainfall
of less than 150 mm.
It is a sandy plain with very little vegetation. Barchans (crescent shaped dunes) cover larger
areas, but longitudinal dunes become more prominent near the Indo-Pakistan boundary.
13. As the Himalayan rivers are perennial and have long courses, the regular flow of water in them
performs intensive erosional activities in the upper part, which has a steep slope. They
accumulate a lot of silt and sand. When they reach the plains, the slope of the land is much less,
slowing down the river and making it deposit much of the silt it has accumulated.
Thus, they form depositional features like meanders, ox-bow lakes, riverine islands and deltas
in their lower courses.
14. Yes, we are agree, Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in
industry.
Modern farming methods include machinery, HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and
pesticides to increase the production.
All these inputs are manufactured in industries.
15. Holding elections of any kind is not sufficient for a democracy, e.g. in China, only those who are
members of the Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it are allowed to
contest elections. But the elections must offer a real choice between political alternatives.
In democracy, people must have the choice to remove the existing rulers, if they wish so. Thus,
in a democracy those currently in power have a fair chance of losing if there is free and fair
election.
Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult
citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
16. The system of apartheid followed in South Africa was unjust and racist because:
(i) The blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if
they had a permit.
(ii) Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres,
beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, churches, etc. were all separate for the whites and
blacks.
(iii) Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.
Thus, the apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks.
17. In Saudi Arabia women do not have the right to vote.
Estonia had made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority
find it difficult to get the right to vote.
In Fiji the electoral system was is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than
that of an Indian Fijian.
18. Human capital is considered the best because it is the major asset for any economic activity’s
success. Investment in human capital will provide higher income and production because it
can coordinate all the resources together to achieve the optimum amount of production.
It includes labour for processing the inputs as well as knowledge and enterprise required to
produce the output.
19. The values that inspire us for democratic governance are
(i) Sovereign: The people’s right todecision-making both internally and externally.
(ii) Secularism: Freedom of religion to people and that there is no official religion.
(iii) Socialist: To ensure economic equality by the government after it controls the economy.
(iv) Democratic: Government based on the will of the people.
(v) Republic: The Head of State will be an elected person.
The values of liberty, equality, fraternity and justice have been reflected in the Indian
Constitution.
20. The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives.
In France of the Old Regime, the monarch did not have the power to impose taxes, rather he
had to call a meeting of the Estates General to pass the proposals for new taxes. However, it
was the monarch alone who could decide when to call a meeting of this body.
21. After the industrial revolution, many social and economic changes took place in European
society.
Industrialization brought men, women and children to factories.
Unemployment was common, particularly during the times of low demand for industrial
goods.
Workers were exploited by industrialists and their working hours were too long and wages
were very low.
Housing and sanitation were problems since towns were growing rapidly due to migration of
people or workers from rural to the urban areas.
Or
(i) Poles were forced to leave their homes and properties for ethnic Germans brought in from
occupied Europe.
(ii) Poles were then herded like cattle in other parts of Poland, called the destination for all
undesirables of the empire.
(iii) Members of Polish intelligentsia were murdered in large numbers.
(iv) Polish children who looked like Aryans were forcibly snatched from their mothers and
examined by race experts and if they passed the race tests, they were raised in German
families, and if not they were deposited in orphanages.
(v) With some of the largest ghettos and gas chambers, this part of Poland also served as the
killing fields for the Jews.
22. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed it has
provided a significant boost to India’s maritime trade. Almost 90% of India’s international
trade is done through sea.
The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close
contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western coast and with South-East Asia
and East Asia from the Eastern coast.
India’s central location at the head of the Indian Ocean and its long coastline have helped in its
interaction through sea. The sea routes passing through the Indian Ocean provide easy
connectivity to India with the West and the East. India has developed many ports on its
Western and Eastern coasts like Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam etc., which have
become major centres for international business.
23. The five characteristics of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta are:
(i) The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, also named Ganga delta, Sunderban delta or Bengal delta, is
situated in Bangladesh and the West Bengal State of India.
(ii) The total catchment area of the rivers is 1.72 million sq km.
(iii) It is the world’s largest delta, with a surface area of 1 lakh sq km.
(iv) It is among the most fertile regions in the world. With more than 130 million inhabitants,
this belongs to the most densely populated areas in the world (1300 inhabitants/sq km).
(v) Downstream of the confluence, the river is named Padma. About halfway to the ocean, the
Meghna (named the Brahmaputra in India) joins the Padma.
24. The Republic of Chile lies on the Western seaboard of South America. It was the first South
American country to elect a Marxist Government in 1970, under the leadership of Salvador
Allende.
In September 1973, there was a military coup in Chile led by General Augusto Pinochet. The
Government of USA was not satisfied with Allende’s pro-worker policies and funded the coup
against Allende. Pinochet became the President of Chile and ruled the country for the next 17
years.
From a government that was elected by the people, power shifted to the military regime. They
could do as they wished and no one had the right to question them. In this way, a military rule
was established in Chile.
25. This statement is true because:
(i) Partition of the country was a traumatic experience for the people of both India and
Pakistan. More than a million were killed in violence between communities.
(ii) The citizens of India were earlier subjects of the British, but now were free citizens, which
was a new experience for them.
(iii) The British had left it to the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with
either country or remain independent. The merger of these states with the country was a
difficult and uncertain task.
(iv) The future of the country did not look secure.
When the framers of the Constitution got down to their task, they realised how difficult and
time consuming it would be to draft a constitution determining the relationship between its
citizens as well as the relationship between the citizens and the government.
26. Physical capital is the variety of inputs required at every stage during production. These are of
two types:
(i) Fixed capital like buildings, machines, tools etc. which can be used over and over again for a
long time without getting consumed. Examples are a farmer’s plough, a machinery like a
threshing machine, a vehicle like a tractor etc.
(ii) Working capital like raw materials and cash in hand, which get consumed in one cycle of
production and require to be replenished for the next cycle. Examples are HYV seeds,
chemical fertilisers, water etc.
In addition, money is always required during production to make various payments and buy
other necessary inputs.
27. People are the greatest resource of a country. When weconsider it as a problem, it becomes a
liability and if we look at it as the solution to problems, it becomes an asset. So, when we talk
about population/people of a country as a resource, we are looking at positive and productive
aspect of a country’s population. There are many instances where countries with no natural
resource but with proper management of their human resource, have become developed and
rich countries.
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan etc are countries with limited natural resources and vast
population in comparison with their small land areas. All of them have developed by proper
investment in health, education and skill development of their people. Thus, they have
transformed their population into a productive asset for them.
They import the necessary natural resources and their population, which is skilled and
healthy, converts these raw materials into goods and commodities. Thus, a country can
transform its people into a resource by proper and effective planning and investing in
education, healthcare and training.
28. The 18th century France witnessed the emergence of new social groups, ‘the middle class’. The
third estate was represented by this class and they wanted each member in the Estates General
to have one vote. The king rejected the proposal.
Members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest and declared themselves a
National Assembly. The National Assembly became busy with drafting a new Constitution for
France.
A severe winter came and there was a bad harvest. The price of bread, which was the staple
food of common people, rose. Sometimes, bakers exploited the situation and increased the
prices.
After spending long hours in queues, crowds of angry women stormed the shops. At the same
time, king Louis XVI ordered troops to move into Paris.
On l4th July, an angry crowd destroyed the fortress prison, the Bastille. In the countryside,
peasants seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked chateaux. In this way, revolution spread all
over France.
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