Social Science Sample Paper Class X 2016 with solved answers
CBSE Sample Paper-04
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT –I
Class – X Social Science
1. Give a name for the situation under which value of exports is more than imports.
Or
Who were the first European nations to come to India?
Or
Who wrote ‘Dombey and Son’?
2. Why are the lower horizons of the soil occupied by Kankar?
3. How does land degradation occur?
4. Why do we need serious technical and institutional reforms in agriculture?
5. Name the river on which the Gandhi Sagar, Rana Partap Sagar and Kota Barage dams are
located?
6. What is Net Attendance Ratio?
7. What are the development goals of prosperous farmers from Punjab?
8. Name the sector into which an economy is classified on the basis of the nature of economic
activities.
9. Describe the significance of silk route in the pre-modern period in the field of Trade,
cultural exchange and religion.
Or
What was the impact of new trade network on weavers, introduced by East India
Company in India?
Or
How did the establishment of colonial rule help in shaping the Bombay city in decisive
way?
10.What attracted the Europeans to Africa? Give any three reasons.
Or
Describe the functions performed by European Managing Agencies.
Or
How did the development or expansion of Bombay differ from London?
11.Describe the contribution of scientists and philosophers in the development of popular
literature.
Or
Explain the contribution of Rabindernath Tagore to the Indian Literature.
12.How were handwritten manuscripts orgainised with their expanded demand?
Or
What were the reasons for the popularity of novels in India and the outside world?
13.Explain the relationship between the process of colonization and rich resources of
colonies.
14.What are the chief characteristics of the alluvial soil?
15.Explain the working of rural local government.
16. Is it right to say that India is federal country but the word federalism is not used anywhere
in the constitution? Explain.
17.Does a country get more power by actually dispersing the power?
18.Do all persons have the same notion of development? Explain.
19.Workers in the unorganized sector work hard, but earn very little. Give reasons. What
problems they face there? Think why they are forced to work in this sector.
20.Do you think the public sector contributes to economic development of a nation? Explain.
21. In what ways does gender division of labour in most families reflect that housework and
bringing up children are the main responsibility of women?
22.Define the term Trade Surplus. How was the income received from trade surplus with
India used by Britain?
Or
How were the lives of workers negatively affected due to abundance of the labour?
Explain.
Or
State the characteristics of the ancient cities.
23.Describe the development of Guttenberg’s printing press.
Or
Why were people worried about the ill-effects of novels on women and young people?
Explain.
24.What are the steps taken by Government to conserve flora and fauna of the country?
25.Which is the second most important cereal crop? What are the Geographical conditions
required for its growth. Name the major areas of its production.
26.What are the features of civil rights movement in USA?
27. Is caste system is coming to an end? Explain.
28.“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the
greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to development?
29.Distinguish between primary sector and secondary sector.
30.A. Features ‘A’ is marked in the given politica
help of the following information and write their correct name on the line marked on the
map.
1. A major wheat producing state
B. On the same map of India locate and label the following items with appropriate
symbols:
1. A leading Rubber producing state
2. A Major tea producing state
Solved Answers of the Paper
1. Favourable Balance of Trade or Trade Surplus.
Or
The Portuguese.
Or
Charles Dickens.
2. Because of the increasing calcium contents downwards.
3. Continuous use of and over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to
conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation.
4. Because most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and
natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses
a serious challenge. Agriculture needs some serious technical institutional reforms.
5. Chambal River.
6. Net attendance ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as
a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
7. Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through
hardworking and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.
8. Primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector.
9. (a) Pre-modern world changed with the discovery of new sea routes to America. It shrank
greatly in the sixteenth century after European sailors found a sea route to Asia and also
successfully crossed the western ocean to America.
(b) Before its discovery America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the
world. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals
began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
(c) Precious metals particularly silver, from mines located in present day Peru and Mexico
enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.
Or
(a) Weavers caught in the web of system of advances introduced by East India Company.
(b) The Devoted entire time to weaving. They were forced to accept the prices fixed by the
company.
(c) There were reports of clashes between weavers and Gomasthas. Gomasthas acted very
arrogantly and punished weavers for delay in supply. The weavers lost the space to
bargain for prices and sell to different buyers.
(d) Some weavers deserted the village and migrated, setting up looms in other villages
where they had some family relations.
Or
(a) In the seventeenth century, Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese.
(b) In 1661, control of the islands passes into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s
king Charles-II to the Portuguese princess. The East India Company quickly shifted its
base from Surat to Bombay.
(c) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay presidency in 1819, after the Maratha
defeated in the Anglo-Maratha War.
10.(a) Africa had vast resources of land and minerals. Its population was very small and land
was abundant.
(b) Europeans were hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops for
minerals for export to Europe. They faced a shortage of labour willing to work for
wages. But they used many methods like heavy taxes to recruit and retain labour.
(c) In Africa industrial revolution did not take place. Also African countries were militarily
weak and backward.
Or
(a) European Managing Agencies mobilized capital.
(b) They set up joint stock companies and managed them.
(c) In most instances, Indian financers provided the capital while the European agencies
made all investment and business decisions.
(d) The European merchant industrialists had their own chamber of commerce which
Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.
Or
(a) London had an average density of 8 persons per house, whereas the density in the
Bombay was as high as 20.
(b) Bombay was not grown in a planned way where as London grow according to plan.
(c) Bombay was over-crowded city where a person had only 9.5 sq yards of space whereas
in London it was around 155 sq yards per person.
11.(a) Historians have argued that writings of famous philosophers created the conditions
within which French Revolution occurred.
(b) The Scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries they could
influence a much wider circle of readers with the scientific bent of mind.
(c) Ancient and medieval scientific texts were complied and published and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
(d) The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common
people.
Or
(a) Rabindernath Tagore developed the Bengali novel after Bankim’s death.
(b) His early novels were historical, later he shifted to writing stories about domestic
relationships.
(c) He was mainly preoccupied with the condition of women and nationalism.
(d) Both concerns are featured in his ‘Ghare Baire’ translated in 1919 as ‘The Home and
the world’.
12.(a) Production of handwritten manuscripts was organized in new ways to meet the
expanded demand of books.
(b) Scribes or skilled handwrites were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential
patron but increasingly by booksellers as well.
(c) More than 50 scribes often worked for one bookseller.
Or
(a) Development of transportation, communication, colonialism and development in
printing facilities helped in spreading the popularity of novels.
(b) Novels generally use the vernacular language that is spoken and easily understood by
the common people.
(c) Novels deal with everyday life of common people- their anxieties, their fears, their
struggles and joys. That’s why they appeal to the common people.
13.(a) The History of colonization reveals that rich resources in colonies were the main
attractions of the foreign traders.
(b) It was primarily the higher level of technological development of colonizing countries
that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and established their
supremacy over colonies.
(c) There for resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied
by appropriate technological development and institutional changes.
14.(a) Alluvial soils are very fertile.
(b) These soils contain adequate amount of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are
ideal for the growth of wheat, rice, sugarcane, etc.
(c) Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivates and densely
populated.
15.(a) Under the three tier system of decentralization, Zila Parishad is the apex body at the
district level.
(b) It is followed by panchayat samities at the block level and gram panchayat at village
level.
(c) Each village has gram panchayat whose members are elected by the entire adult
population of that village.
(d) A few gram panchayat are joined together to form a block samiti.
(e) All the panchayat samities in a district collectively make a Zila parishad.
16.(a) India had emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody partition.
(b) Soon after independence several princely states become a part of the country.
(c) The constitution declared India as a Union of States.
(d) Although it did not use the world federation, the Indian Union is based on the
principles of federalism.
17.(a) Power Sharing unites a country as every group gets the representation in the
government.
(b) It ensures that every group’s interests would be taken care of and everybody,
irrespective of his community would be provided with equal political rights and
opportunities.
(c) It discards discrimination based on caste or creed. It also infuses a spirit of
belongingness and trust among the citizens who feel that they have a stake in the
system.
(d) It therefore reduces political tensions and helps in the smooth functioning and stability
of the system.
18.(a) No, all persons have not same notion of development.
(b) All the persons have their own different development notions.
(c) It differs from person to person.
(d) The notion of development of one person may not be development notion of other
person.
(e) The development notion of a student may not be the development notion of a teacher.
19.(a) The unorganized sector consists of small and scattered units which are largely outside
the control of the government.
(b) These units are owned by private individuals. Their aim is to maximize profit. The
wages are very low and there is no provision for overtime, paid leave etc. Here
workers have to face social discrimination also besides getting irregular and insecure
employment.
(c) But they continue to do work in this sector because they do not have better option.
20.Yes, the public sector contributes to economic development of a nation by providing
several facilities and working opportunities to the society at a reasonable costs which the
private sector cannot provide. Public sector spends larger sums of money on construction
of railways, roads, bridge, generating electricity, irrigation facilities by setting dams etc,
which are beyond the capacity of the private sector. It also encourages private enterprises,
farmers and consumers through subsidies and support prices. It also contributes to
economic development of a nation by providing education and health facilities to general
public.
21.(a) Women in most families, work inside the home.
(b) They do work which include washing cooking, tailoring, caring for children etc.
(c) These jobs are not paid work and there is hardly any recognition for such work.
(d) Men are ready to do all such type of work outside the home if these are paid.
22.(a) When the value of exports is higher than value of imports, it called as Trade Surplus.
(b) Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries-that is, with
countries from which Britain was importing more than it was selling to.
(c) This is how a multi-lateral settlement system works-it allows one country’s deficit with
another country to be settled by its surplus with a third country.
(d) By helping Britain balance it id deficits, India played a crucial role in the late 19th
century world economy.
(e) Britain’s trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so called home charges that
included private remittances home by British official and traders, interest payments
on India’s external debt, and pension of British officials in India.
Or
(a) The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers adversely. When
there is plenty of labour wages are low.
(b) The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks for friendship
and kin relations.
(c) Many job seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night
shelters.
(d) Seasonality for work in many industries means prolonged periods without works.
(e) Although, wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century but they tell us
little about the welfare of the workers.
Or
(a) The cities first appeared along river valleys.
(b) Towns and cities that first appeared along river valleys, such as Ur, Nippur and
Mohenjo-Daro, were large in scale than other human settlements.
(c) Asian cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible to
support a wide range of non food products.
(d) Cities were often the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and
industry, religious institution and intellectual activity.
(e) These cities supported various social groups such artisans, merchants and priests.
23.(a) Drawing the knowledge from wine and olive presses Guttenberg developed the model
of printing press and moulds were used for casting metal types for the letter of the
alphabet.
(b) By 1448, Guttenberg perfected the system of printing press. The first book he printed
was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to print.
(c) In the hundred years between 1450 and 1559, printing presses were set up in most of
the countries of Europe.
(d) Printers from Germany travelled to other countries seeking work and helping to start
new printing presses.
(e) This shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution.
Or
(a) Many people got worried about the effects of the novel in readers who were taken
away from their real surroundings into imaginary world where anything could happen.
(b) Women and children were seen as easily corruptible and people felt novels took them
away from real.
(c) Parents kept novels in their houses out of children’s reach.
(d) Children were asked not to read or touch novels as their lives would be ruined.
(e) Silent reading of novels was also criticized by many scholars. When women began
reading novels many people feared that they would now neglect their traditional role
as wives and mothers and homes would be disorder
24.(a) To protect flora and fauna, the Indian wildlife protection Act was implemented in
1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.
(b) An all–India list of protected species was also published. The thrust of the program
was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by
banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats and restricting trade in
wildlife.
(c) Central and many stage governments established national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries.
(d) The central government announced several projects for protecting specific animals,
which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one horned rhinoceros, the
Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodile-freshwater crocodile, saltwater
crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion, and others.
(e) Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck, the great Indian bustard and the snow
leopard, etc. have been full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade
throughout India.
25.(a) Introduction: Wheat is the second most important cereal crop. It is Rabi Crop. It is the
main food crop, in north and north-western parts of the country.
(b) Soil Type: Alluvial soil and black soil
(c) Temperature: Cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
(d) Rainfall: 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(e) Areas of Cultivation: There are two prominent wheat growing zones in the country-the
Ganga-Sutlej plain in the north-west and black soil region of Deccan. Wheat producing
states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and certain parts of
Madhya Pradesh.
26.(a) The civil Rights Movement was started in the USA in 1954. It lasted in 1968.
(b) This movement refers to a set of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing
legal racial discrimination against African-Americans.
(c) This movement was led by martin Luther King Junior.
(d) It was a reform movement.
(e) This Movement practiced non violent methods of civil disobedience against racially
discriminatory laws and practices.
27.Caste system has kept Indian society intact. But at present it is coming to an end because
of following reasons:
(a) Many social reform movements were started in 19th century like Brahmo Samaj, Arya
Samaj etc. They preached against the caste system.
(b) With the advent of means of transport and communication people begin to move from
place to place in search of work and in new society. There they work with people of
other castes. It leads to decline of another feature of keeping relations with one’s own
caste.
(c) In the past religious education was given and it was confined only to higher three
castes. But with the changing time religious education came to an end.
(d) Every one begins to get modern education which led to the decline of discrimination.
(e) Giving occupation to the child is one of the main features of caste system. But due to
industrialization and modernization new occupations came into being. People begin
to adopt new occupations which have led to the end of this feature of caste system.
28.(a) This statement was given by the Indian national leader Mahatma Gandhi. It is righty
said that the Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all. But resources are
neither well-distributed nor equally available for all in the society.
(b) Some countries overutilise the resources such as they are overused in developed
countries and underutilized in developing countries because of lack of capital.
(c) As a result, a rich country like America uses resources above the limit and backward
countries may lack the resources.
(d) The Earth has enough resources to satisfy the greed of every one person. So there is a
need to use these resources judiciously, and in a planned manner.
CBSE Sample Paper-04
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT –I
Class – X Social Science
1. Give a name for the situation under which value of exports is more than imports.
Or
Who were the first European nations to come to India?
Or
Who wrote ‘Dombey and Son’?
2. Why are the lower horizons of the soil occupied by Kankar?
3. How does land degradation occur?
4. Why do we need serious technical and institutional reforms in agriculture?
5. Name the river on which the Gandhi Sagar, Rana Partap Sagar and Kota Barage dams are
located?
6. What is Net Attendance Ratio?
7. What are the development goals of prosperous farmers from Punjab?
8. Name the sector into which an economy is classified on the basis of the nature of economic
activities.
9. Describe the significance of silk route in the pre-modern period in the field of Trade,
cultural exchange and religion.
Or
What was the impact of new trade network on weavers, introduced by East India
Company in India?
Or
How did the establishment of colonial rule help in shaping the Bombay city in decisive
way?
10.What attracted the Europeans to Africa? Give any three reasons.
Or
Describe the functions performed by European Managing Agencies.
Or
How did the development or expansion of Bombay differ from London?
11.Describe the contribution of scientists and philosophers in the development of popular
literature.
Or
Explain the contribution of Rabindernath Tagore to the Indian Literature.
12.How were handwritten manuscripts orgainised with their expanded demand?
Or
What were the reasons for the popularity of novels in India and the outside world?
13.Explain the relationship between the process of colonization and rich resources of
colonies.
14.What are the chief characteristics of the alluvial soil?
15.Explain the working of rural local government.
16. Is it right to say that India is federal country but the word federalism is not used anywhere
in the constitution? Explain.
17.Does a country get more power by actually dispersing the power?
18.Do all persons have the same notion of development? Explain.
19.Workers in the unorganized sector work hard, but earn very little. Give reasons. What
problems they face there? Think why they are forced to work in this sector.
20.Do you think the public sector contributes to economic development of a nation? Explain.
21. In what ways does gender division of labour in most families reflect that housework and
bringing up children are the main responsibility of women?
22.Define the term Trade Surplus. How was the income received from trade surplus with
India used by Britain?
Or
How were the lives of workers negatively affected due to abundance of the labour?
Explain.
Or
State the characteristics of the ancient cities.
23.Describe the development of Guttenberg’s printing press.
Or
Why were people worried about the ill-effects of novels on women and young people?
Explain.
24.What are the steps taken by Government to conserve flora and fauna of the country?
25.Which is the second most important cereal crop? What are the Geographical conditions
required for its growth. Name the major areas of its production.
26.What are the features of civil rights movement in USA?
27. Is caste system is coming to an end? Explain.
28.“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the
greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to development?
29.Distinguish between primary sector and secondary sector.
30.A. Features ‘A’ is marked in the given politica
help of the following information and write their correct name on the line marked on the
map.
1. A major wheat producing state
B. On the same map of India locate and label the following items with appropriate
symbols:
1. A leading Rubber producing state
2. A Major tea producing state
Solved Answers of the Paper
1. Favourable Balance of Trade or Trade Surplus.
Or
The Portuguese.
Or
Charles Dickens.
2. Because of the increasing calcium contents downwards.
3. Continuous use of and over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to
conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation.
4. Because most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and
natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses
a serious challenge. Agriculture needs some serious technical institutional reforms.
5. Chambal River.
6. Net attendance ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as
a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
7. Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through
hardworking and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.
8. Primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector.
9. (a) Pre-modern world changed with the discovery of new sea routes to America. It shrank
greatly in the sixteenth century after European sailors found a sea route to Asia and also
successfully crossed the western ocean to America.
(b) Before its discovery America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the
world. But from the sixteenth century, its vast lands and abundant crops and minerals
began to transform trade and lives everywhere.
(c) Precious metals particularly silver, from mines located in present day Peru and Mexico
enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.
Or
(a) Weavers caught in the web of system of advances introduced by East India Company.
(b) The Devoted entire time to weaving. They were forced to accept the prices fixed by the
company.
(c) There were reports of clashes between weavers and Gomasthas. Gomasthas acted very
arrogantly and punished weavers for delay in supply. The weavers lost the space to
bargain for prices and sell to different buyers.
(d) Some weavers deserted the village and migrated, setting up looms in other villages
where they had some family relations.
Or
(a) In the seventeenth century, Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese.
(b) In 1661, control of the islands passes into British hands after the marriage of Britain’s
king Charles-II to the Portuguese princess. The East India Company quickly shifted its
base from Surat to Bombay.
(c) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay presidency in 1819, after the Maratha
defeated in the Anglo-Maratha War.
10.(a) Africa had vast resources of land and minerals. Its population was very small and land
was abundant.
(b) Europeans were hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops for
minerals for export to Europe. They faced a shortage of labour willing to work for
wages. But they used many methods like heavy taxes to recruit and retain labour.
(c) In Africa industrial revolution did not take place. Also African countries were militarily
weak and backward.
Or
(a) European Managing Agencies mobilized capital.
(b) They set up joint stock companies and managed them.
(c) In most instances, Indian financers provided the capital while the European agencies
made all investment and business decisions.
(d) The European merchant industrialists had their own chamber of commerce which
Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.
Or
(a) London had an average density of 8 persons per house, whereas the density in the
Bombay was as high as 20.
(b) Bombay was not grown in a planned way where as London grow according to plan.
(c) Bombay was over-crowded city where a person had only 9.5 sq yards of space whereas
in London it was around 155 sq yards per person.
11.(a) Historians have argued that writings of famous philosophers created the conditions
within which French Revolution occurred.
(b) The Scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries they could
influence a much wider circle of readers with the scientific bent of mind.
(c) Ancient and medieval scientific texts were complied and published and maps and
scientific diagrams were widely printed.
(d) The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common
people.
Or
(a) Rabindernath Tagore developed the Bengali novel after Bankim’s death.
(b) His early novels were historical, later he shifted to writing stories about domestic
relationships.
(c) He was mainly preoccupied with the condition of women and nationalism.
(d) Both concerns are featured in his ‘Ghare Baire’ translated in 1919 as ‘The Home and
the world’.
12.(a) Production of handwritten manuscripts was organized in new ways to meet the
expanded demand of books.
(b) Scribes or skilled handwrites were no longer solely employed by wealthy or influential
patron but increasingly by booksellers as well.
(c) More than 50 scribes often worked for one bookseller.
Or
(a) Development of transportation, communication, colonialism and development in
printing facilities helped in spreading the popularity of novels.
(b) Novels generally use the vernacular language that is spoken and easily understood by
the common people.
(c) Novels deal with everyday life of common people- their anxieties, their fears, their
struggles and joys. That’s why they appeal to the common people.
13.(a) The History of colonization reveals that rich resources in colonies were the main
attractions of the foreign traders.
(b) It was primarily the higher level of technological development of colonizing countries
that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and established their
supremacy over colonies.
(c) There for resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied
by appropriate technological development and institutional changes.
14.(a) Alluvial soils are very fertile.
(b) These soils contain adequate amount of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are
ideal for the growth of wheat, rice, sugarcane, etc.
(c) Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivates and densely
populated.
15.(a) Under the three tier system of decentralization, Zila Parishad is the apex body at the
district level.
(b) It is followed by panchayat samities at the block level and gram panchayat at village
level.
(c) Each village has gram panchayat whose members are elected by the entire adult
population of that village.
(d) A few gram panchayat are joined together to form a block samiti.
(e) All the panchayat samities in a district collectively make a Zila parishad.
16.(a) India had emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody partition.
(b) Soon after independence several princely states become a part of the country.
(c) The constitution declared India as a Union of States.
(d) Although it did not use the world federation, the Indian Union is based on the
principles of federalism.
17.(a) Power Sharing unites a country as every group gets the representation in the
government.
(b) It ensures that every group’s interests would be taken care of and everybody,
irrespective of his community would be provided with equal political rights and
opportunities.
(c) It discards discrimination based on caste or creed. It also infuses a spirit of
belongingness and trust among the citizens who feel that they have a stake in the
system.
(d) It therefore reduces political tensions and helps in the smooth functioning and stability
of the system.
18.(a) No, all persons have not same notion of development.
(b) All the persons have their own different development notions.
(c) It differs from person to person.
(d) The notion of development of one person may not be development notion of other
person.
(e) The development notion of a student may not be the development notion of a teacher.
19.(a) The unorganized sector consists of small and scattered units which are largely outside
the control of the government.
(b) These units are owned by private individuals. Their aim is to maximize profit. The
wages are very low and there is no provision for overtime, paid leave etc. Here
workers have to face social discrimination also besides getting irregular and insecure
employment.
(c) But they continue to do work in this sector because they do not have better option.
20.Yes, the public sector contributes to economic development of a nation by providing
several facilities and working opportunities to the society at a reasonable costs which the
private sector cannot provide. Public sector spends larger sums of money on construction
of railways, roads, bridge, generating electricity, irrigation facilities by setting dams etc,
which are beyond the capacity of the private sector. It also encourages private enterprises,
farmers and consumers through subsidies and support prices. It also contributes to
economic development of a nation by providing education and health facilities to general
public.
21.(a) Women in most families, work inside the home.
(b) They do work which include washing cooking, tailoring, caring for children etc.
(c) These jobs are not paid work and there is hardly any recognition for such work.
(d) Men are ready to do all such type of work outside the home if these are paid.
22.(a) When the value of exports is higher than value of imports, it called as Trade Surplus.
(b) Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries-that is, with
countries from which Britain was importing more than it was selling to.
(c) This is how a multi-lateral settlement system works-it allows one country’s deficit with
another country to be settled by its surplus with a third country.
(d) By helping Britain balance it id deficits, India played a crucial role in the late 19th
century world economy.
(e) Britain’s trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so called home charges that
included private remittances home by British official and traders, interest payments
on India’s external debt, and pension of British officials in India.
Or
(a) The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of workers adversely. When
there is plenty of labour wages are low.
(b) The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks for friendship
and kin relations.
(c) Many job seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night
shelters.
(d) Seasonality for work in many industries means prolonged periods without works.
(e) Although, wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century but they tell us
little about the welfare of the workers.
Or
(a) The cities first appeared along river valleys.
(b) Towns and cities that first appeared along river valleys, such as Ur, Nippur and
Mohenjo-Daro, were large in scale than other human settlements.
(c) Asian cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies made it possible to
support a wide range of non food products.
(d) Cities were often the centers of political power, administrative network, trade and
industry, religious institution and intellectual activity.
(e) These cities supported various social groups such artisans, merchants and priests.
23.(a) Drawing the knowledge from wine and olive presses Guttenberg developed the model
of printing press and moulds were used for casting metal types for the letter of the
alphabet.
(b) By 1448, Guttenberg perfected the system of printing press. The first book he printed
was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to print.
(c) In the hundred years between 1450 and 1559, printing presses were set up in most of
the countries of Europe.
(d) Printers from Germany travelled to other countries seeking work and helping to start
new printing presses.
(e) This shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution.
Or
(a) Many people got worried about the effects of the novel in readers who were taken
away from their real surroundings into imaginary world where anything could happen.
(b) Women and children were seen as easily corruptible and people felt novels took them
away from real.
(c) Parents kept novels in their houses out of children’s reach.
(d) Children were asked not to read or touch novels as their lives would be ruined.
(e) Silent reading of novels was also criticized by many scholars. When women began
reading novels many people feared that they would now neglect their traditional role
as wives and mothers and homes would be disorder
24.(a) To protect flora and fauna, the Indian wildlife protection Act was implemented in
1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.
(b) An all–India list of protected species was also published. The thrust of the program
was towards protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species by
banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats and restricting trade in
wildlife.
(c) Central and many stage governments established national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries.
(d) The central government announced several projects for protecting specific animals,
which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one horned rhinoceros, the
Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodile-freshwater crocodile, saltwater
crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion, and others.
(e) Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck, the great Indian bustard and the snow
leopard, etc. have been full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade
throughout India.
25.(a) Introduction: Wheat is the second most important cereal crop. It is Rabi Crop. It is the
main food crop, in north and north-western parts of the country.
(b) Soil Type: Alluvial soil and black soil
(c) Temperature: Cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
(d) Rainfall: 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season.
(e) Areas of Cultivation: There are two prominent wheat growing zones in the country-the
Ganga-Sutlej plain in the north-west and black soil region of Deccan. Wheat producing
states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and certain parts of
Madhya Pradesh.
26.(a) The civil Rights Movement was started in the USA in 1954. It lasted in 1968.
(b) This movement refers to a set of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing
legal racial discrimination against African-Americans.
(c) This movement was led by martin Luther King Junior.
(d) It was a reform movement.
(e) This Movement practiced non violent methods of civil disobedience against racially
discriminatory laws and practices.
27.Caste system has kept Indian society intact. But at present it is coming to an end because
of following reasons:
(a) Many social reform movements were started in 19th century like Brahmo Samaj, Arya
Samaj etc. They preached against the caste system.
(b) With the advent of means of transport and communication people begin to move from
place to place in search of work and in new society. There they work with people of
other castes. It leads to decline of another feature of keeping relations with one’s own
caste.
(c) In the past religious education was given and it was confined only to higher three
castes. But with the changing time religious education came to an end.
(d) Every one begins to get modern education which led to the decline of discrimination.
(e) Giving occupation to the child is one of the main features of caste system. But due to
industrialization and modernization new occupations came into being. People begin
to adopt new occupations which have led to the end of this feature of caste system.
28.(a) This statement was given by the Indian national leader Mahatma Gandhi. It is righty
said that the Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all. But resources are
neither well-distributed nor equally available for all in the society.
(b) Some countries overutilise the resources such as they are overused in developed
countries and underutilized in developing countries because of lack of capital.
(c) As a result, a rich country like America uses resources above the limit and backward
countries may lack the resources.
(d) The Earth has enough resources to satisfy the greed of every one person. So there is a
need to use these resources judiciously, and in a planned manner.
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